Books and articles
Alaaldin, R., ‘Iran’s weak grip: How much control does Tehran have over Shi’a militias in Iraq?’, Foreign Affairs, 11 February 2016, online: link
Al-Ali, Z., The struggle for Iraq’s future: How corruption, incompetence and sectarianism have undermined democracy, New Haven: YUP, 2014.
Ali, A., Iraq’s 2014 elections, Washington DC: Institute for the Study of War, Middle East security report 20, 2014.
Al-Khoei, H., Post-Sistani Iraq, Iran, and the Future of Shia Islam, War on the Rocks: link
Al-Khoei, H., Syria, Iraq and the struggle for power: Intertwined futures, London: Chatham House, 2016.
Al-Qarawee, H., Imagining the nation: Nationalism, sectarianism and socio-political conflict in Iraq, Rossendale: Rossendale Books, 2012.
Al-Qarawee, H., Iraq’s sectarian crisis: A legacy of exclusion, Beirut: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2014.
Al-Qarawee, H., Sectarian relations and socio-political conflict in Iraq, Milan: ISPI, Analysis No. 200, 2013.
Alwazir, A., Yemen’s independent youth and their role in the National Dialogue Conference, Berlin: SWP Comments, 2013.
Amnesty International, Absolute impunity: Militia rule in Iraq, London: Amnesty International, 2014.
Anderson, B., Imagined communities, London: Verso, 2006.
Asal, V., M. Brown and A. Dalton, ‘Why Split? Organizational splits among ethnopolitical organizations in the Middle East’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56 (1), 94-117, 2012.
Bäck, H., Intraparty politics and coalition formation: Evidence from Swedish local government, Paper prepared for delivery at the ECPR Joint Sessions in Granada, 14-19 April 2005.
Biddle, S., J. Friedman and J. Shapiro, ‘Testing the surge – Why did violence decline in Iraq in 2007?’, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1. Summer 2012.
Brown, N., Iraq’s Constitutional conundrum, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005a.
Brown, N., The final draft of the Iraqi constitution: Analysis and commentary, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005b.
Carothers, T., Political decompression in Iraq, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Sada, 2008.
Chams el-Dine, C., Warring brothers: Power struggle and the fate of reforms in Iraq, Amman: Arab Reform Initiative, Policy alternatives, 2016.
Cleveland, W. and M. Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East, Boulder: Westview Press, 2016.
Cochrane, M., The battle for Basra, Washington DC: Institute for the Study of War, 2008.
Cockburn, P., Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Battle for the Future of Iraq, New York: Scribner, 2008.
Cole, J., Top 10 Mistakes of former Iraq PM Nouri al-Maliki (That Ruined his Country), 15 August 2014.
Corboz, Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred authority and transnational family networks, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
Cunningham, K., K. Bakke and L. Seymour, ‘Shirts today, skins tomorrow: Dual contests and the effects of fragmentation in self-determination disputes’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 00 (0), 1-27 (online), 2012.
Dahl, R., Modern political analysis, 5th edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991.
De Mesquita, B. and A. Smith, The dictator’s handbook: Why bad behavior is almost always good politics, New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
Fisk, R, The great war for civilization: The conquest of the Middle-East, New York: Vintage books, 2005.
Galer, G., ‘Scenarios of change in South Africa’, Round Table, Vol. 93., Issue 375, 2004.
Gaston, E., Process lessons learned in Yemen’s National Dialogue, Washington DC: USIP, 2014.
Grofman, B. and A. Lijphard, Electoral laws and their political consequences, New York: Agathon Press Inc., 2003.
Gulmohamad, Z., ‘Iraq’s Shia Militias: Helping or Hindering the Fight Against Islamic State?’, Terrorism Monitor (The Jamestown Foundation), Vol. 14, No. 9, 2016.
Haddad, F., Shia centric state building and Sunni rejection in post-2003 Iraq, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016.
Hashd al-Sha’abi, Who is popular crowd, Baghdad: Media Directorate Execution, undated.
Hassan, K., Kurdish politicized society confronts a sultanistic system, Beirut: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2015.
Higley, J. and R. Gunther (eds), Elites and democratic consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, Cambridge: CUP, 1992.
International Crisis Group (ICG), Iraq’s uncertain future: Elections and beyond, Baghdad/Washington/Brussels: ICG, Middle East Report No. 94, 2010.
International Crisis Group (ICG), Shiite politics in Iraq: The role of the Supreme Council, Baghdad/Istanbul/Brussels: Middle East report No. 70, 2007.
International Crisis Group (ICG), Iraq’s Muqtada al-Sadr: Spoiler or stabilizer, Amman/Brussels: Middle East report No. 55, 2006.
International Crisis Group (ICG), Iran in Iraq: How much influence?, Amman/Brussels: ICG, Middle East report No. 38, 2005.
Jabar, F., ‘Why the uprisings failed’, Middle East Report, No. 176, Vol. 22, 1992.
Jabar, F. and H. Dawod (eds), Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East, London: Saqi Books, 2003.
Jabar, F., R. Mansour and A. Khaddaj, Iraq on the Brink: unraveling Maliki’s unraveling, Beirut: Iraq Institute for Strategies Studies, 2014.
Jabar, F., R. Mansour and A. Khaddaj, Maliki and the Rest: A Crisis within a Crisis, Beirut: Iraq Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012.
Latif, A., The Da’wa party’s eventful past and tentative future in Iraq, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Sada, 2008.
Lewis, J., The Islamic State: A counter-strategy for a counter-state, Washington DC: Institute for the Study of War, Middle East security report 21, 2014.
Lijphart, A., Democracy in plural societies: A comparative exploration, New Haven: YUP, 1977.
Makiya, K., The Iraqi elections of 2010 – and 2005, Boston: Brandeis University, Middle East brief No. 42, 2010.
Makiya, K., The rope, New York: Pantheon Books [a novel], 2016.
Mansour, R., The popularity of the Hashd in Iraq, Carnegie Middle East Center ‘Diwan’, 2016.
Mansour, R., Shi’a alliance building in Iraq, London: unpublished discussion paper, 2016.
Mansour, R. and M. Clark, Is Muqtada al-Sadr good for Iraq?, War on the Rocks (online), 2 May 2016.
Martin, P., Tracking Iraq’s 2016 political crisis, Institute for the Study of War, online: link
McCants, W., The ISIS apocalypse: The history, strategy and doomsday vision of the Islamic State, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015.
McLauchlin, T. and W. Pearlman, ‘Out-group conflict, In-group unity? Exploring the effect of repression on intramovement cooperation’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56 (1), 41-66, 2012.
Menkhaus, K., ‘Governance without government in Somalia: Spoilers, State-building and the Politics of Coping’, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Winter 2006/07), pp. 74-106.
Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD), Working with political parties in conflict-affected and fragile states, The Hague: NIMD, 2015.
Ottaway, M., Fragmentation of Iraq’s political spectrum, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009.
Prieto, S. and S. Bloching, Inspiring democracy: Operating model for inclusive and participatory policy dialogue, The Hague: European Partnership for Democracy, 2015.
Razoux, P., The Iran-Iraq war, Harvard: HUP, 2015.
Sanford, J., Iraq’s economy: Past, present and future, Washington DC: Congressional research service, 2003.
Schmidt, S., Shi’a Islamist political actors in Iraq: Who are they and what do they want?, Copenhagen: DIIS, 2008.
Steinberg, G., Die >Volksmobilisierung im Irak<, Berlin: SWP, 2016.
Van Veen, E. and V. Dudouet, Hitting the target, but missing the point? Assessing donor support for inclusive and legitimate politics in fragile societies, Paris: OECD/INCAF, 2017.
Van Veen, E. and N. Grinstead, Not all is what it seems: 5 Inconvenient ‘truths’ of the Iraqi crisis, The Hague, Clingendael opinion, 20 May 2015, online: link.
Van Veen, E. and N. Grinstead, Iraqi Imbroglio: The Islamic State and beyond. A brief analysis of the 2014 political-security crisis, The Hague: Clingendael, 2014.
Wolpe, H. et al., ‘Rebuilding Peace and State Capacity in War-torn Burundi’, Round Table, Vol. 93, No. 375, 2004.
World Bank, Iraq’s economic outlook, October 2016, online: link
Online newspapers, blogs and sites
Al-Jazeera Arabic on link
Al-Monitor on link
Al-Sistani on link
Associated Press on link
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – Sada on link
Carnegie Middle East Center – Diwa on link
Financial Times on link
Musings on Iraq on link
Open Democracy on link
Stanford University Mapping Militant Organizations on link
The Iraqi Independent High Election Commission on link
The Los Angeles Times link
The New Arab on link
The New York Times on link
The Guardian on link
War on the Rocks on link